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Previous Volume 358:2148-2159 May 15, 2008 Number 20 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

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Heart failure, a major and growing public health problem, appears to result not only from cardiac overload or injury but also from a complex interplay among genetic, neurohormonal, inflammatory, and biochemical changes acting on cardiac myocytes, the cardiac interstitium, or both. An increasing number of enzymes, hormones, biologic substances, and other markers of cardiac stress and malfunction, as well as myocyte injury — collectively referred to as biomarkers — appear to have growing clinical importance. Although biomarkers include genetic variants, clinical images, physiological tests, and tissue-specimen biopsies, this review focuses on biomarkers derived from the blood or urine other than . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Inflammation

Oxidative Stress

Extracellular-Matrix Remodeling

Neurohormones

Myocyte Injury

Myocyte Stress

Natriuretic Peptides

Adrenomedullin

ST2

New Biomarkers

Future Directions

Source Information

From the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School — both in Boston.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Braunwald at the TIMI Study Group, 350 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, or at ebraunwald@partners.org.

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